Average range over land 20 - 25 miles.

Range for an NDB can be calculated with:

2√power output in Watts = Range (Land) 3√ power output in Watts = Range (Water)

An IRS is an Inertial Reference System  which consists of accelerometers, gyroscopes (laser) and a position computer.

The computer calculates the aircrafts position by direction and velocity sensed by the accelerometers from the initial latitude and longitude input.

An IRS enables the aircraft to fly great circle tracks and to navigate accurately across vast expanses where no ground based navigation aids are available.

-15°C

because:

-2°C per 1000 feet gives -30°C.

ISA: 15°C at sea level - 30°C = -15°C at FL150

To monitor the flight management and aircraft control actions of the Pilot Flying and carry out support duties such as communications and check-list reading.

No

Wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing.

The faster an aircraft flies, the more lift is produced by each unit area of the wing. Correspondingly, the landing and take-off speeds will be higher and the high wing loading also decreases maneuverability.

The total pressure (static and dynamic pressure).

They are aerodynamically efficient surfaces located at the wing tips, designed to reduce induced drag and increase fuel efficiency.

They increase efficiency by reducing the size of the wingtip vortices, which are created by the difference between the pressure on the upper surface of the wing and that on the lower surface.

Mcrit is the aircraft’s Mach speed at which the airflow over a wing becomes sonic.

NDB errors:

Interference from other NDB’s

• Static, especially near thunderstorms

• Night effect Coastal refraction

• Mountain effect

• Aircraft quadrantal error